after President Hosni Mubarak agreed to discuss sweeping political
reforms, rallied support for what they hope can be a million-strong
march for democracy on Tuesday.
Mubarak's newly appointed vice-president began talks with opposition
figures and the army declared the protesters demands "legitimate" and
said it would hold its fire.
But protesters in Cairo's Tahrir Square, where thousands kept vigil
through the night in defiance of a curfew, vowed to continue their
campaign until the 82-year-old Mubarak quit.
"The only thing we will accept from him is that he gets on a plane and
leaves," said 45-year-old lawyer Ahmed Helmi.
The United States and other Western powers which have backed Mubarak
throughout his 30 years of rule, have demanded he submit to free
elections. Even if he holds out against the calls for his resignation,
it seems unlikely he could win a vote.
At least 140 people have died since demonstrations began last Tuesday,
inspired in part by Tunisians' overthrow of their aging strongman
after similar protests focusing on economic hardships and frustration
with political oppression.
The army's pledge to hold its fire was seen as tipping the scales
against Mubarak. "Mubarak has become a liability for the institution
of the army," Fawaz Gerges of the London School of Economics said.
"And so it is becoming more difficult by the day for Mubarak to remain
in office."
For the military establishment, which has run Egypt since its officers
ousted British-backed King Farouk in 1952, the aim may be to provide
reforms that preserve military influence.
For Washington and Mubarak's allies in Europe, as well as Israel,
attention will focus on how far Islamist groups, notably the hitherto
banned Muslim Brotherhood, can gain power in any new Egyptian
political system.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, used to calm on his
southern border since a 1979 peace treaty with Cairo, said Egypt could
turn into the kind of militant theocracy installed in Iran that same
year.
BROTHERHOOD SAYS ALL MUBARAK MEN MUST GO
The Brotherhood, which says it wants a pluralist democracy, has taken
a cautious approach to joining in protests led by the young and the
urban professional classes.
But it said on Monday it was calling on people to continue protests
until the whole establishment departed -- "including the president,
his party, his ministers and his parliament."
In the second city, Alexandria, thousands of people gathered near the
main railway station, many with food and blankets, saying they would
join Tuesday's "march of a million."
Officials said rail services would be disrupted on Tuesday by curfew
orders, which may keep some people away from protests.
Newly-appointed Vice President Omar Suleiman appeared on state
television on Monday to say Mubarak had asked him to begin talks with
all political forces on constitutional and other reforms. The channel
later said talks had begun.
Suleiman, an intelligence chief named on Saturday, also said a new
government sworn in by Mubarak on Monday would fight unemployment,
inflation and corruption.
The United States said Mubarak must also revoke the emergency law
under which he has ruled since 1981. Washington has sent a special
envoy, former ambassador to Cairo Frank Wisner, to meet Egyptian
leaders.
"The way Egypt looks and operates must change," said Robert Gibbs,
spokesman for President Barack Obama.
Western powers have been caught off guard by the speed with which
Mubarak's police state has been pushed back by furious but unarmed
citizens. Some analysts believe the army is now seeking a face-saving
way to have Mubarak leave.
A presidential election due in September might give Mubarak the
opportunity simply to say he will not run again. But such a tactic may
underestimate the desire on the street to see him go. "It won't work.
These are stalling tactics. I don't think Mubarak quite realizes the
gravity of the situation," said Faysal Itani of Exclusive Analysis.
"If this deadlock goes on much longer there could be a further
breakdown of order."
At Cairo University, politics professor Hassan Nafaa said: "This all
aims to gain time, calm the mood on the street, drive the protesters
away and diminish the revolution ... The president must end his rule
and leave, there is no alternative."
Foreign governments, meanwhile, scrambled to ensure the safety of
their nationals trapped by the unrest in Egypt.
Companies, from gas drillers to supermarkets, also pulled out staff as
confrontation brought economic life to a halt. Financial markets and
banks were closed for a second day.
Internationally, Europe's benchmark Brent crude oil hit $101 a barrel
on fears the unrest could spread to oil producing states like Saudi
Arabia. Smaller Arab countries such as Yemen, Sudan, Syria and Jordan
were all mentioned by analysts as candidates for popular expressions
of discontent.
Moody's downgraded Egypt's credit rating to Ba2 with a negative
outlook from Ba1, saying the government might damage its weak finances
by increasing social spending.
